American Literature

1. Terms
Social Institution is an informal organization like a religious group that also does charity work but which possesses the potential to become formally organized. This informal organization included a set of like minded people whose main work profession may not be that of the institution, but who share the same view, ideas and are partly involved in the activities to this purpose. There may be buildings or structures associated with this group, like mosques, religious schools, churches, etc.

Emotional branding is giving any incident or organization a personality which may or may not be true. For example, a labourers union may be represented by the media as humble and weak or as a riotous mob.

2. Qoutations
1. The point being made here is that cultural maturity of civilization may lead all persons to become sophisticated and mild, moving away from the aggressive streak that nature has put inside us, so that the idea of war may be thwarted by all of us. Certain traits, like territorial aggression, owe their existence to our life in the jungle, and have remained alive, though disguised. This instinct may become absolutely passive and so avoid war.

2. War begins when a) there are two groups enemies to each other and b) when these two groups become organized enough to be able to operate on their ideas. If there is enmity, but no organization, that is, no leader, no headquarters, no ammunition, no plan of operation, war cannot begin even if the emotionalpsychological environment exists.

3. it is dangerous for two elements to combine, those who have the means to wage war, and those who think they have the right, especially divine right to wage war in the name of God  because this brand of people are so self-convinced in the righteousness of what they are doing that it is impossible to reason or to hold dialogue with them. This is a phenomena that is becoming increasingly common in modern day religions.

2. Qoutations
1. Most wars have been fought over territorial aggression. Or out of need. For example, Russia needed a route to the sea, one of the reasons why WW1 occurred. It is human nature to get the best it wants for itself, to supersede others territorial rights. This stems from the principle of survival of the fittest.

2. One example is Palestine whereby taking over of land of local inhabitants in the form of Israel has led to violence. Another example is the French revolution, where the inequitable distribution of wealth led to violence. Violence is always condemned, but every wrong action will have a worse reaction. Avoiding injustices will of course avoid violence.

3. It is possible but different situations have different solutions For example, in a developed educated country the political unity would come in the form of democracy, whereby representation and dialogue run the state. However, in a third-world illiterate country, with a feudal system like Pakistan, four provinces with each their distinct languages and cultures, extremes of liberalism and fundamentalism, democracy would never work since the decisions of an illiterate public, bound by feudal lords or swayed by religion, cannot be intelligent. The result is that always the wrong people get elected. The political unity here should come in the form of a benevolent-despot, or in todays terms a benevolent-dictator.